Ortelius atlas8/13/2023 The number of map sheets grew from 53 in 1570 to 167 in 1612 in the last edition. Editions were published in Dutch, German, French, Spanish, English, and Italian. Some 24 editions appeared during Ortelius's lifetime and another ten after his death in 1598. Nothing was like it until Mercator's atlas appeared twenty-five years later. The importance of the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum for geographical knowledge in the last quarter of the sixteenth century is difficult to overemphasize. The Parergon can be called a truly original work of Ortelius, who drew the maps based on his research. Later editions included Additamenta (additions), resulting in Ortelius' historical atlas, the Parergon, mostly bound together with the atlas. This first edition contained seventy maps on fifty-three sheets. It was one of the most expensive books ever published. He completed the atlas in 1569, and in May of 1570, the Theatrum was available for sale. In 1568 the production of individual maps for his atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum was already in full swing. In 1565 he published a map of Egypt and a map of the Holy Land, a large map of Asia followed. The inspiration for this map may well have been Gastaldi's large world map. In 1564 he published his first map, a large and ambitious world wall map. In addition, he travelled a lot and visited Italy and France, made contacts everywhere with scholars and editors, and maintained extensive correspondence with them. Luke as an "illuminator of maps." Besides colouring maps, Ortelius was a dealer in antiques, coins, maps, and books, with the book and map trade gradually becoming his primary occupation.īusiness went well because his means permitted him to start an extensive collection of medals, coins, antiques, and a library of many volumes. He learned Latin and studied Greek and mathematics.Ībraham and his sisters Anne and Elizabeth took up map colouring. The maker of the 'first atlas', the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570), was born on 4 April 1527 into an old Antwerp family. The medaillions have been engraved after designs drawn by Maarten de Vos. Ortelius imaginatively enlivened the earliest period of biblical history for the readers of his Parergon. It demonstrates his combined skills as a cartographer and an artist, and his accomplishment as an historian. The Wanderings of Abraham is among the most elaborate of Ortelius's compositions. The map is framed by an inscription containing the promise to Abraham. In keeping with the title and biblical theme of the engraving, twenty-two medaillions depicting scenes from the life of Abraham surround the map. An inset shows the stages in the wanderings of Abraham, from Ur of the Chaldees, in the lower Euphrates Valley, to Sechem, Bethel, Damascus, Egypt, and Hebron. The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah still drive along southern Jordan in the "Valley of the Forest of Salt," which was to become the Dead Sea. Ancient tribal names are preserved in the regions of the Philistines, Amalechites, Jebusites, Cenezites, and Gergesites. Territorial divisions, however, are taken of the story of Abraham in Genesis. The delineation follows closely the already familiar map of Tilleman Stella, the first map of the Holy Land to be included in an Ortelius atlas. Largerly the work of the master himself, the maps in the Parergon, and this one in particular, are the best engravings that reflect the widespread sixteenth-century interest in classical geography. It became part of the expanding supplement of historical maps, entitled Parergon, that Ortelius appended to his atlas of modern maps. Ortelius included this map, illustrating the land of Canaan in the time of the Patriarchs, in the fourth addition to his atlas in 1590.
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Glucagon beta blocker antidote mechanism8/13/2023 Stimulatory regulators of glucagon release include hypoglycemia, amino acids and the gut hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), whereas hyperglycemia and GLP-1 inhibit glucagon release. Glucagon secretion occurs as exocytosis of stored peptide vesicles initiated by secretory stimuli of the alpha cell. Glucagon release is regulated through endocrine and paracrine pathways by nutritional substances and by the autonomic nervous system ( 11). Glucagon is secreted in response to hypoglycemia, prolonged fasting, exercise and protein-rich meals ( 10). Since then it has become evident that glucagon not only acts by increasing hepatic glucose production but affects overall energy homeostasis in times of limited energy supply by stimulating lipid and protein catabolism, reducing appetite and food intake and increasing energy expenditure. It was discovered that patients with diabetes exhibit increased glucagon levels which led to the “bihormonal hypothesis” stating that the combination of hypoinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia constitutes a central pathophysiological determinant for diabetic hyperglycemia ( 7). The development of a radioimmunoassay for the detection of glucagon in 1959 spurred further investigations of glucagon physiology and its role in health and disease ( 6). This led to the development of medical use of glucagon for the treatment of severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia ( 4, 5). In the 1950s glucagon was purified and crystallized at Eli Lilly and Co., and shortly after, the amino acid sequence of the peptide was determined ( 3). The hyperglycemic effect of glucagon was described as early as 1922 by Kimball and Murlin who discovered a hyperglycemic factor in pancreatic extracts and called this factor “the glucose agonist”, hence the name glucagon ( 2). Accordingly, normal plasma glucose concentrations depend largely on the balanced secretion of insulin and glucagon from the pancreatic beta cells and alpha cells, respectively. In line with these opposed actions, high plasma glucose concentrations stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, inhibit glucagon secretion whereas low plasma glucose concentrations represent one of the most potent glucagon secretory stimuli. Thus, in contrast to the glucose-depositing nature of insulin action, glucagon acts as a glucose-mobilizing hormone. Glucagon secreted from pancreatic alpha cells in the islet of Langerhans plays an important role in maintaining glucose homeostasis by stimulating hepatic glucose production ( 1). For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, INTRODUCTION Finally, the role of glucagon in the pathophysiology of diabetes, obesity and hepatic steatosis is discussed and emerging glucagon-based therapies for these conditions are outlined. This chapter provides an overview of the structure, secretion, degradation and elimination of glucagon, and reviews the actions of glucagon including its role in glucose metabolism and its effects on lipolysis, ketogenesis, energy expenditure, appetite and food intake. Based on satiety-inducing and food intake-lowering effects of exogenous glucagon, a role for glucagon in the regulation of appetite has also been proposed. However, glucagon is also involved in hepatic lipid and amino acid metabolism and may increase resting energy expenditure. Hypoglycemia is physiologically the most potent secretory stimulus and the best known action of glucagon is to stimulate glucose production in the liver and thereby to maintain adequate plasma glucose concentrations. Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Pff mitchell schwartz8/13/2023 Do not duplicate in any form without permission. Seeing that the Chiefs are very little cap space to work this, Schwartz would have to be willing to sign to a minimum contract, which definitely isn’t out of the realm of possibility.© 2023 New York Giants. Having Niang sit behind Schwartz for the season, learn from him, and then re-evaluate the position next offseason wouldn’t be a bad course of action for Kansas City. While his running blocking grade is solid (74.1), Niang struggles in pass protection, giving up 20 total pressure this season, which includes, two hits and one sack allowed. While the offensive line play for the Chiefs is much improved, one spot that has struggled is right tackle, the position Schwartz played in Kansas City for 70 games.įirst-year tackle Lucas Niang - a 2020 opt-out - has garnered a 62.4 overall grade from PFF through five games this season. A back injury last year not only forced Schwartz to miss 10 games (including the Super Bowl) but it also led to the Chiefs releasing him this offseason. But things in this league can turn on a dime. Both remain free agents, however, and Andy Reid said the door is not closed on either returning. During the Patriots’ lopsided loss to the Bills on Saturday night during Wildcard Weekend, former Kansas City Chiefs offensive tackle Mitchell Schwartz took to Twitter to take a shot at Jones. Looking at the offensive line play of Kansas City this season, an argument could be made that the defending AFC champions should try and coerce Schwartz to join them, at the very least for the remainder of the season. PFF (subscription required) graded him as the third-best tackle in the league in 2019 and the fourth-best the previous season. April 20th, 2021 at 10:01am CST by Sam Robinson The Chiefs created a major depth chart issue ahead of free agency, making longtime tackle starters Eric Fisher and Mitchell Schwartz cap casualties. If he’s fully recovered from February’s back surgery, Schwartz needs to be signed immediately.” “Those are just three of many franchises that would benefit immensely from adding a stalwart tackle. He earned a respectable 74.7 grade from PFF last year and scored at least an 84.0 mark in each of the two seasons prior,” Kay wrote. “Schwartz is still a major asset at one of the game’s most important positions when healthy. 4 on his list was Schwartz, who Kay wrote would be a good fit for the New York Giants, Las Vegas Raiders, and Carolina Panthers, noting the offensive line struggles for each of those teams. This has sparked recent chatter about him signing with certain NFL teams, some of which could be contenders this season, and some of which are in the Chiefs’ division.ĪLL the latest Chiefs news straight to your inbox! Join the Heavy on Chiefs newsletter here!Īlex Kay of Bleacher Report wrote about free agents that are still available and can have an impact on the 2021 season. Now that it’s been over a month since Schwartz made those comments regarding his recovery timeline, he’s even closer to being fully healthy. It’s taken a little longer than I would have liked or we would have liked but once I’m 100% fully ready to go, I think I can make that decision and figure out what’s next for me.” “You know, I’m in the last stages of recovery here hoping to kind of get over this final hump. “Yeah, I’d say still current NFL player,” Schwartz told the Arrowhead Addict podcast on September 3 when asked if he still considers himself an active NFL player. Schwartz injured his back last season which required surgery on February 24 and a rigorous rehab process has him not quite 100% healthy as he battles through the final stages of recovery. Schwartz, a four-year starter and former All-Pro for the Kansas City Chiefs, finds himself as a free agent currently due to his injury recovery. One NFL free agent that has flown under the radar this season but could become very useful to several teams in the near future is offensive tackle, Mitchell Schwartz. Former Chiefs tackle Mitchell Schwartz lines up against Bruce Irvin of the Raiders during a 2016 matchup. AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |